A Complete Guide to Microphones: Types and Their Uses
It's hard to imagine a studio, stage, or home music workshop without microphones. They are like a set of brushes for an artist, essential tools for realizing creative ideas. With such a vast selection available, understanding their features is crucial to choosing the best option. In this guide, we'll discuss the types of microphones, their characteristics, and the tasks they are best suited for. Let's dive in!
How Do Microphones Work?
Before we delve into the specific types, it's important to have a basic understanding of how a microphone works. Essentially, a microphone consists of a diaphragm and a transducer. The diaphragm is a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves. The transducer, often in the form of a coil or capacitor, converts these vibrations into electrical signals.
Microphones:
Diaphragm size: with a small membrane
Brand: Sennheiser
Capsule diameter, mm: 10.5
Audio signal format: mono
Brand: RODE
Capsule diameter, mm: 25
Microphones can be divided into three main types based on the transducer technology: dynamic, condenser, and ribbon. Each type has its unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Directionality
Imagine you're at home trying to record a vocalist. Outside, there's road construction, and a neighbor's child is crying. You'll need a microphone with the right polar pattern to capture the singer's voice while excluding unwanted noise. There are several common polar patterns, including omnidirectional, cardioid (and its variations like supercardioid and hypercardioid), and bidirectional (figure-eight). Some microphones capture sound from the front, others from the side, and some capture sound from all around, regardless of placement. There are also models with switchable polar patterns.
Let's explore popular polar patterns, starting with the most common type—cardioid.
Cardioid
This heart-shaped polar pattern is found in most microphones. It's intuitive—you point the microphone at the sound source you want to record. Most vocal microphones have a cardioid pattern or its variations (which we'll discuss below). In live performances, this pattern minimizes sound from stage monitors, instruments, and other stage noises.
It’s also quite effective at reducing feedback. Since most home studios lack proper acoustic treatment, a cardioid pattern can be very useful.
Best Uses:
- Working in noisy environments.
- Recording in untreated rooms.
- Live performances on stage and in the studio.
- Reducing feedback from stage monitors.
Examples
Perhaps the most famous microphone of all time, the SM58 is a "workhorse" in both the studio and on stage. It's prized for its reliability and excellent value for money.
Another legend, widely used in radio and studios. The SM7B is resistant to external noise and delivers flawless vocal sound.
Supercardioid
A more "focused" version of the cardioid pattern, the supercardioid rejects even more side noise, leaving a narrow area in front. However, it also picks up a small amount of sound from the rear. Use this pattern when you need to exclude most of the surrounding environment or reduce feedback during a performance. The supercardioid microphone is a popular choice for live vocals because it isolates everything behind it well. However, cardioids are more forgiving if you move around on stage.
Best Uses:
- Precise sound capture.
- Working in noisy environments.
- Recording in untreated rooms.
- Live performances on stage and in the studio.
- Reducing feedback from stage monitors.
Hypercardioid
This pattern is somewhere between cardioid and figure-eight. It’s an extremely directional pattern that picks up signals from the front and partially from the rear. It’s not ideal for stage use due to the rear lobe, which can pick up sound from stage monitors or other performers. However, in the studio, it can capture the prepared space for volume and character.
Best Uses:
- Precise capture of instruments and vocals.
- Effective suppression of unwanted side noise.
- Boom pole use for location recording.
- Camera-mounted to capture sound from the subject and the operator’s voice.
Examples
A pair of small-diaphragm microphones combining transistor speed with tube warmth. Excellent for recording acoustic guitars, pianos, and overheads.
Beyerdynamic TG V70
A great balance of powerful yet non-intrusive sound, ideal for vocalists who move a lot on stage. TG V70 is reliable and easy to use.
Bidirectional (Figure-Eight)
As the name suggests, this pattern captures sound from two directions. A bidirectional microphone will record equally well from the front and back, suppressing side signals. This classic polar pattern is perfect for recording two vocalists—one on each side of the microphone. Both singers can look at each other to maintain perfect synchronization. The figure-eight pattern is the natural and standard polar pattern for traditional ribbon microphones.
Many large-diaphragm condenser microphones with switchable patterns can also operate in this mode.
Best Uses:
- Simultaneous recording of two vocalists.
- Recording a vocalist with an acoustic guitar.
- Combining with other microphones for stereo recording.
- Enhancing the low-frequency timbre of voices (used in radio).
Examples
Cloud Microphones JRS-34
A combination of vintage design and modern materials. An active ribbon microphone that excels in recording vocals, acoustic instruments, and guitar cabinets.
Myburgh M1
A handmade German microphone that withstands high sound pressure without losing detail and clarity. Its capsule is a masterpiece of engineering, making the M1 an alternative to vintage German models with greater reliability and stability.
HUM Audio Devices ARM-1S
A unique active ribbon microphone that adds a touch of dynamism to its characteristic sound. This model is excellent for recording pianos and guitar cabinets.
Omnidirectional
This pattern captures sound from all directions, regardless of where the microphone is pointed. It can be placed in the center of a room to capture the entire space. These microphones are great for creating an open, natural sound. However, be cautious—an omnidirectional pattern will also capture the full acoustics of the room. This is ideal if you're recording in an old cathedral or a well-prepared studio but not the best choice for home recording.
This type of pattern is used in a wide range of tasks, from lavalier microphones for PCs and laptops to field recordings, podcasts, and ambient sound capture.
Best Uses:
- Working in a space with excellent acoustics.
- Creating an ambient and open sound.
- Outdoor recordings.
Examples
A model with switchable polar patterns, the AT2050 has proven to be a versatile solution for both stage and studio, with long-lasting performance.
A modeling microphone capable of accurately reproducing the character and "color" of legendary vintage models. The Edge Duo is well-suited for female vocals and acoustic instruments.
Different Types of Microphones
Now that you're familiar with polar patterns, let's look at the three main types of microphones used in studios and on stage: dynamic, condenser (both large and small diaphragm), and ribbon. We'll start with the simplest option.
Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones are known for their reliability and resistance to harsh conditions. They are the true "workhorses" of the studio and stage. Dynamic microphones are simple and effective, with most featuring cardioid or hypercardioid polar patterns. They withstand the rigors of live performance well.
How They Work:
A dynamic microphone has a small diaphragm made of a special type of polyester. A copper coil is attached to the diaphragm, which sits inside a fixed magnet. When the diaphragm vibrates in response to sound waves, it moves the coil. As the coil moves back and forth (oscillates) within the magnetic field, it generates an electrical charge. This charge is transmitted through the cable to an audio interface for amplification.
Best Uses:
- Recording Loud Sound Sources: Dynamic microphones are not highly sensitive, making them suitable for capturing loud and close sound sources. Recording loud instruments is one of their strengths. Use them for high SPL (sound pressure level) instruments such as drums, guitar amps, and brass.
- Vocals: Dynamic microphones are versatile and favored by many vocalists for live performances. Their low sensitivity means they are less prone to feedback on stage. They can also be handheld, which some singers, especially in rock and pop music, prefer in the studio.
- Bright Instruments: The frequency response of dynamic microphones is well-suited for instruments with strong low and midrange presence. They are not as good at capturing delicate high frequencies, making them ideal for smoothing out overly bright or harsh sounds.
- Recording in Untreated Spaces: Dynamic microphones are ideal for working in rooms without acoustic treatment due to their low sensitivity combined with a cardioid pattern. They are less likely to pick up room reverberations than more sensitive condenser microphones.
Advantages
- Versatility
- Durability
- Ability to handle high SPL
Disadvantages
- Low sensitivity
- Narrow frequency response
Examples:
Dynamic microphones are often significantly cheaper than their condenser or ribbon counterparts due to their simple construction.
If you're considering your first microphone, look at the Shure SM58 or Sennheiser E845. They deliver quality and accurate sound without a significant investment. As some sound engineers say, "An SM58 should always be on hand, even if you have a vast microphone collection."
If you have a larger budget, consider the legendary Shure SM7B or Beyerdynamic M 70 PRO X. These models have become classics for broadcasting and vocal recording. You'll especially appreciate their vibration resistance and noise suppression.
Condenser Microphones
The sensitive, aristocratic relatives in the microphone family, condenser microphones, are widely known for their exceptional sensitivity and accuracy, making them a popular choice for studio recordings, broadcasts, and vocal performances. Their ability to capture subtle nuances and finer details makes them invaluable in audio production.
How They Work
Like dynamic microphones, the diaphragm of most condenser microphones is made of polyester (called BoPET). However, in condenser models, the diaphragm is lighter and coated with metal, often gold. An electrically charged metal plate is positioned near the diaphragm, forming a "capacitor," hence the name. Sound waves cause the diaphragm to vibrate, moving it back and forth from the fixed plate, creating an electrical charge known as "capacitance."
This charge enters some circuitry before exiting as an audio signal. This stage requires 48V power, known as "phantom power," usually supplied through the cable from an audio interface.
Best Uses:
- Recording Vocals in Studio Settings: Due to their high sensitivity, condenser microphones excel at capturing the natural sound of vocals with all their nuances. Keep in mind that different microphones suit different vocalists, so choose accordingly.
- Instrument Recording: The precise reproduction of string instruments, pianos, and percussion has earned these microphones their reputation.
- Recording Large Ensembles: In a well-prepared hall, condenser microphones are excellent for recording choirs or orchestras, where multiple sources need to be captured simultaneously with a few microphones.
- USB Microphones: Many modern USB microphones are condenser types. They receive power through the computer's USB port. "All-in-one" solutions, which combine the microphone and preamp, are popular today. Headphones can be connected directly for monitoring. These microphones are sensitive enough to capture the nuances of speech, making them ideal for podcasts and YouTube.
Advantages
- High sensitivity allows for capturing a wide frequency range with accuracy.
- Fuller, more voluminous sound.
- A variety of unique tonal "colors."
Disadvantages
- Requires a prepared space for optimal use.
- Complex and fragile construction.
Condenser microphones are divided into two categories: large-diaphragm and small-diaphragm.
Large-Diaphragm Condenser Microphones
These are the most common in studios. They add fullness to vocals and warmth and sparkle to instruments. They are also popular for most instruments, as they faithfully reproduce the sound of acoustic guitars and pianos. The large diaphragm allows for more detail to be captured from the sound source. This type is highly sensitive and works well with quiet sound sources.
Examples
If you're looking for a versatile studio solution, consider a large-diaphragm model with switchable polar patterns, such as the Audio-Technica AT2050, which delivers accurate sound with a warm tone. It's suitable for a wide range of studio tasks and offers excellent value for money. The ability to switch polar patterns makes this model even more versatile.
For a "classic" choice, look to Neumann, which is a pioneer in microphone manufacturing.
Small-Diaphragm Condenser Microphones
These are distinguished by their recognizable slim bodies. The small, lightweight diaphragm responds to high frequencies with great detail. They are especially good at capturing clear transients (the beginning of sounds). This makes them ideal for bright percussion instruments such as cymbals, hi-hats, or tambourines.
Small-diaphragm microphones are highly effective as stereo pairs. You'll often see them mounted above drum kits or various sections of an orchestra. Recording an acoustic guitar with a stereo pair can produce a beautifully clear, detailed sound.
Examples
Consider the Antelope Audio Edge, a highly flexible modeling microphone with impressive capabilities. It excels across the spectrum of acoustic instruments. For working with loud sound sources, it has an attenuator and a high-pass filter for the desired character. If you're looking to upgrade your setup, consider the SOYUZ 011 FET Stereo. This model will bring a new character to your recordings, adding dynamism and detail while retaining a pleasant tone.
Ribbon Microphones
Ribbon microphones are enjoying a resurgence in popularity. These models are a unique variety of dynamic microphones. They are renowned for their warm, vintage sound and are valued for their smooth response and unique tonal qualities.
How They Work
In a dynamic microphone, sound waves hit the diaphragm, causing it to move and convert sound into an electrical signal. A ribbon microphone receives sound waves on a corrugated diaphragm in the form of a ribbon suspended within a magnetic field—this is how the voice or instrument is converted into an electrical signal and "sent" down the cables to a preamp or recorder. The same principle of magnetic induction is at work in ribbon microphones as in dynamic ones, so these two types are technically very similar.
Their smooth and natural reproduction, characterized by gentle high-frequency roll-offs, contributes to their pleasing vintage sound.
Best Uses:
- Acoustic Instruments: Ribbon microphones are used alongside condensers for a unique character. Their softness and slightly "dark" sound make them ideal for recording cellos and double basses.
- Vocals: Ribbon microphones excel at capturing vocal performances, imparting depth and dimension to the voice. They are perfect for solo vocals, creating recordings full of life and emotion. Just remember to use a pop filter to protect the delicate diaphragm.
- Brass Instruments: Ribbon microphones help to smooth out the overly bright character of brass instruments, making their sound more pleasant to the ear. This results in a very balanced recording, ideal for saxophones and trumpets.
- Guitar Amplifiers: When recording a guitar cabinet, a ribbon microphone is an excellent choice. It rounds out the sound of the guitar stack while preserving the sparkle present in overdrive. The figure-eight pattern allows for capturing the surrounding room sound for greater naturalness.
Advantages
- Excellent transient response
- Natural timbre
- Unique ability to capture the room's natural atmosphere
Disadvantages
- Very fragile construction
- Low output level in passive models
Examples
Check out the unique ribbon solutions from HUM Audio. Each model can handle many studio tasks, but they shine when recording pianos and guitar amplifiers. Also, consider Cloud Microphones, which, with their vintage design and character, are reminiscent of the legendary RCA classics.
Microphones:
Audio signal format: stereo
Brand: Soyuz
Capsule diameter, mm: 25
Audio signal format: mono
Brand: Soyuz
Capsule diameter, mm: 33
Conclusion
Understanding the various polar patterns and types of microphones is essential for choosing the right tool for your specific recording or amplification needs. Dynamic microphones offer durability and versatility, while condensers excel at capturing fine details, and ribbons provide a vintage sound character.
